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Lawrence H. Schiffman, From Text to Tradition, Ktav Publishing House, Hoboken, NJ, 1991.
Throughout the Second Commonwealth Judeans and Samaritans were engaged in
intermittent conflict. Many scholars, on the basis of studies of the Samaritan Pentateuch
and the Samaritan script, have concluded that the schism should be dated to the building
of the Samaritan Temple on Mount Gerizim late in the Persian period and its destruction
by the Hasmonean king John Hyrcanus in 128 B.C.E. These scholars maintain that the
officials of Samaria who opposed the rebuilding of Jerusalem cannot be identified with
the later Samaritan sect. This distinction seems to be overdrawn. Granted that the schism
was the result of a long process, its earliest stages are to be observed already in the early
years of the Persian period.
The Samaritans were a mixed people, made up of Israelites who had not been exiled
when the Northern Kingdom was destroyed in 722 B.C.E. and people of various foreign
nationalities whom the Assyrians had resettled in the area in an attempt to ensure that
Israel’s national aspirations could not again come to the fore. This mixed group had
adopted a syncretistic form of Judaism that combined old northern traditions with those
of the resettled nations. When work began on the Temple, the Samaritans approached the
Jews to join in the project. The Judeans rejected the Samaritans because of their
questionable descent.
In First Temple times it was possible for foreigners to join the Jewish people in an
informal way by moving physically and socially into the land and adhering to its religion
and laws. During the exile, Judaism had been transformed from a nationality which
depended on a connection to the land and culture to a religious and ethnic community
which depended upon descent. How else could Judaism have ensured its continuity when
deprived of its homeland? The returning Jews from Babylonia could not accept the
questionable genealogy of the Samaritans. On the other hand, there was not yet a system
for religious conversion like that developed somewhat later on in the Second Temple
period. Hence, there was no choice but to reject the Samaritans, even had they agreed to
abandon their syncretistic practices. In response to their rejection, the Samaritans
attempted, although with limited success, to influence the Persian authorities to halt the
rebuilding of the Temple and to limit the powers of the priestly and temporal government
of the Jews.
The Samaritan issue was no doubt complicated by another long-smoldering problem. As
far back as the earliest days of the monarchy there had been a division between north and
south. It was this sectionalism which eventually led to the division of the kingdom after
Solomon’s death. We cannot doubt that the northerners had opposed the centralization of
sacrificial worship at Jerusalem during Solomon’s reign. The north rejected all efforts to
centralize worship at the Jerusalem Temple. Accordingly, after the kingdom was divided,
the northerners set up sanctuaries at Bethel and Dan. The very same opposition to the
centralization of worship in Jerusalem must have helped to motivate the leaders of
Samaria in their attempts to hinder the reconstruction of the Temple by the returning
Judeans.
To a great extent, then, the Samaritan issue in the early Second Temple period was a
continuation of the north-south schism of the First Temple period. Like their northern
predecessors, the Samaritans insisted on their right to sacrifice outside Jerusalem. In the
Persian period, the Judeans rejected the Samaritans due to their syncretistic worship and
the presence of non-Israelite elements among their population. Obeying the laws in the
Book of Deuteronomy and heeding the injunctions of the prophets, they could not accept
the Samaritans.