February 4, 2012, Saturday, 34

Roman Period I, 63 BCE-73 CE

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  1. Overview
    1. Biblical History: The Roman Period, Steven Feldman, COJS, 2007.
    2. Herod the Great 37-4, Teddy Kollek and Moshe Pearlman, Jerusalem: Sacred City of Mankind, Steimatzky Ltd., Jerusalem, 1991.
    3. Jerusalem and Jesus, Teddy Kollek and Moshe Pearlman, Jerusalem: Sacred City of Mankind, Steimatzky Ltd., Jerusalem, 1991.
    4. The Great Revolt AD 66-70, Teddy Kollek and Moshe Pearlman, Jerusalem: Sacred City of Mankind, Steimatzky Ltd., Jerusalem, 1991.
    5. Overview: Judea Under Roman Rule (63 BCE-66 CE)
  2. Artifacts
    1. Hillel and Jesus, 1st century BCE - 1st century CE Hillel and Jesus, 1st century BCE - 1st century CE
    2. Dead Sea Scroll in Stone, 1st century BCE - 1st century CE Dead Sea Scroll in Stone, 1st century BCE - 1st century CE
    3. Temple of Jupiter, 1st century BCE - 1st century CE Temple of Jupiter, 1st century BCE - 1st century CE
    4. Coin of Orodes II, 57-38 BCE Coin of Orodes II, 57-38 BCE
    5. Roman Denarius, 54 BCE Roman Denarius, 54 BCE
    6. Coin of Pompey the Great, 53-48 BCE Coin of Pompey the Great, 53-48 BCE
    7. Portrait of Pompey the Great, 53-48 BCE Portrait of Pompey the Great, 53-48 BCE
    8. Coin of Cleopatra, 51-30 BCE Coin of Cleopatra, 51-30 BCE
    9. Greek Minor Prophets Scroll, c. 50 BCE-50 CE Greek Minor Prophets Scroll, c. 50 BCE-50 CE
    10. Coin of Julius Caesar, 48-44 BCE Coin of Julius Caesar, 48-44 BCE
    11. Bust of Julius Caesar, 48-44 BCE Bust of Julius Caesar, 48-44 BCE
    12. Julius Caesar Denarius, 46 BCE Julius Caesar Denarius, 46 BCE
    13. Coin of Brutus, 44-42 BCE Coin of Brutus, 44-42 BCE
    14. Ides of March Coin, 44 BCE Ides of March Coin, 44 BCE
    15. Bust of Mark Antony, 43-30 BCE Bust of Mark Antony, 43-30 BCE
    16. Herodium, 40 BCE Herodium, 40 BCE
    17. David's Citadel / Tower of David, 37 BCE David's Citadel / Tower of David, 37 BCE
    18. Coin of Herod the Great, 35/34 BCE Coin of Herod the Great, 35/34 BCE
    19. Shrine to Augustus, 31 BCE Shrine to Augustus, 31 BCE
    20. Coin of Mark Antony, 31 BCE Coin of Mark Antony, 31 BCE
    21. Relief of Cleopatra and Caesarion, c. 30 BCE Relief of Cleopatra and Caesarion, c. 30 BCE
    22. Herodian Coins, 30 BCE Herodian Coins, 30 BCE
    23. Tyrian Shekel, 28/27 BCE Tyrian Shekel, 28/27 BCE
    24. Coin of Augustus, 27 BCE-14 CE Coin of Augustus, 27 BCE-14 CE
    25. Herod's Quarry, c. 19 BCE Herod's Quarry, c. 19 BCE
    26. Herod Potsherd, c. 19 BCE Herod Potsherd, c. 19 BCE
    27. Fragment of Herod's Wine Jar, 19 BCE Fragment of Herod's Wine Jar, 19 BCE
    28. Tomb of King Herod the Great, 4 BCE Tomb of King Herod the Great, 4 BCE
    29. Ossuary of Simon the Temple Builder, 1st century BCE – 1st century CE Ossuary of Simon the Temple Builder, 1st century BCE – 1st century CE
    30. Ossuary of Nicanor, 1st century BCE – 1st century CE Ossuary of Nicanor, 1st century BCE – 1st century CE
    31. “Yehosah” Ossuary, 1st century BCE – 1st century CE “Yehosah” Ossuary, 1st century BCE – 1st century CE
    32. Qumran Phylactery, 1st century CE Qumran Phylactery, 1st century CE
    33. Shema Yisrael, 1st century CE Shema Yisrael, 1st century CE
    34. Aramaic Apocalypse, 1st century BCE Aramaic Apocalypse, 1st century BCE
    35. Queen Helene of Adiabene's Mansion, 1st century CE Queen Helene of Adiabene's Mansion, 1st century CE
    36. Theodotus Inscription, 1st century CE Theodotus Inscription, 1st century CE
    37. Balsam Oil, 1st century CE Balsam Oil, 1st century CE
    38. Incense Shovel, 1st century CE Incense Shovel, 1st century CE
    39. Gift to the Community Ostracon, 1st century CE Gift to the Community Ostracon, 1st century CE
    40. Portrait of a Priestess, late 1st century CE Portrait of a Priestess, late 1st century CE
    41. Warning Inscriptions of the Temple, 1st century CE Warning Inscriptions of the Temple, 1st century CE
    42. Paul's Jail, 1st century CE Paul's Jail, 1st century CE
    43. Galilee Boat, 1st century CE Galilee Boat, 1st century CE
    44. Ossuary of Yehohanan son of Hagkol, 1st century CE Ossuary of Yehohanan son of Hagkol, 1st century CE
    45. Ossuary of Jesus son of Joseph, 1st century CE Ossuary of Jesus son of Joseph, 1st century CE
    46. Nazirite Tomb, 1st century CE Nazirite Tomb, 1st century CE
    47. Mark the Evangelist, 1st century CE Mark the Evangelist, 1st century CE
    48. War Rule Fragment, 1st century CE War Rule Fragment, 1st century CE
    49. Herodian Oil Lamp Herodian Oil Lamp
    50. Southern Wall of the Temple Mount Southern Wall of the Temple Mount
    51. Ein Yael Mosaic Ein Yael Mosaic
    52. Roman Period Sandal Roman Period Sandal
    53. Rope of Palm Fibers Rope of Palm Fibers
    54. Braid of Human Hair Braid of Human Hair
    55. Comb and Plait of Hair Comb and Plait of Hair
    56. Ancient Date Seeds Ancient Date Seeds
    57. Zeus Coin Zeus Coin
    58. The Apocrypha The Apocrypha
    59. Korban Vessel Korban Vessel
    60. Leather Sandals from Qumran Leather Sandals from Qumran
    61. Wooden Combs from Qumran Wooden Combs from Qumran
    62. Pottery from Qumran Pottery from Qumran
    63. Linen Cloth from Qumran Linen Cloth from Qumran
    64. Remnants of a Mezzuzah Parchment Remnants of a Mezzuzah Parchment
    65. The Birth of Jesus, c. 1 CE The Birth of Jesus, c. 1 CE
    66. The Place of the Trumpeting, 4 CE The Place of the Trumpeting, 4 CE
    67. Agrippa I Coins, 4 CE Agrippa I Coins, 4 CE
    68. First Jewish Self-Portrait, 5 CE First Jewish Self-Portrait, 5 CE
    69. Ossuary of the High Priest Caiaphas, 18-36 CE Ossuary of the High Priest Caiaphas, 18-36 CE
    70. Crucifixion Bone Fragment, 21 CE Crucifixion Bone Fragment, 21 CE
    71. Calendar, c. 25 CE Calendar, c. 25 CE
    72. Pontius Pilate’s Tiberium Inscription, 26-36 CE Pontius Pilate’s Tiberium Inscription, 26-36 CE
    73. Pagan Coin, 26-36 CE Pagan Coin, 26-36 CE
    74. Bust of Cleopatra VII, 30 CE Bust of Cleopatra VII, 30 CE
    75. Mummy Portrait of Hermione Grammatike, 40-50 CE Mummy Portrait of Hermione Grammatike, 40-50 CE
    76. Caiaphas Burial Coin, 42 CE Caiaphas Burial Coin, 42 CE
    77. King Uzziah Burial Inscription, c. 50 CE King Uzziah Burial Inscription, c. 50 CE
    78. Tomb of Queen Helene of Adiabene, c. 50 CE Tomb of Queen Helene of Adiabene, c. 50 CE
    79. Melqart Coin, 50 CE Melqart Coin, 50 CE
    80. Gold Coin of Nero, 51-54 CE Gold Coin of Nero, 51-54 CE
    81. Antonius Felix Coins, 54-58 CE Antonius Felix Coins, 54-58 CE
    82. Neronian Tetradrachm, 60 CE Neronian Tetradrachm, 60 CE
    83. Coin of Nero, 63 CE Coin of Nero, 63 CE
    84. Cessation of Sacrifice, 66 CE Cessation of Sacrifice, 66 CE
    85. Bronze Prutah, 66-70 CE Bronze Prutah, 66-70 CE
    86. Silver Shekel from the First Jewish Revolt, 66-70 CE Silver Shekel from the First Jewish Revolt, 66-70 CE
    87. Bones, 67 CE Bones, 67 CE
    88. Coins from Year 2 of the Revolt, 67 CE Coins from Year 2 of the Revolt, 67 CE
    89. Siege of Gamla, 67 CE Siege of Gamla, 67 CE
    90. Coins from Masada, 67-68 CE Coins from Masada, 67-68 CE
    91. Sepphoris "City of Peace" Coin, 68 CE Sepphoris "City of Peace" Coin, 68 CE
    92. Edict of Tiberius Julius Alexander, 69 CE Edict of Tiberius Julius Alexander, 69 CE
    93. Destruction of the Second Temple, 70 CE Destruction of the Second Temple, 70 CE
    94. Rare Coin from Year 5 of the Revolt, 70 CE Rare Coin from Year 5 of the Revolt, 70 CE
    95. Gamla Coins, 70 CE Gamla Coins, 70 CE
    96. ‘Ben Yair’ Lot from Masada, 70 CE ‘Ben Yair’ Lot from Masada, 70 CE
    97. The Synagogue at Masada The Synagogue at Masada
    98. A Depiction of the Temple Menorah, 70 CE A Depiction of the Temple Menorah, 70 CE
    99. Burnt House, 70 CE Burnt House, 70 CE
    100. Evidence of the Fire, 70 CE Evidence of the Fire, 70 CE
    101. Ennion Glass Jug, 70 CE Ennion Glass Jug, 70 CE
    102. Judea Capta Coins, 70 CE Judea Capta Coins, 70 CE
    103. Tenth Roman Legion Tile, 70 CE Tenth Roman Legion Tile, 70 CE
    104. Vespasian Triumphant, 70 CE Vespasian Triumphant, 70 CE
    105. Evidence of Roman Warfare, 70-73 CE Evidence of Roman Warfare, 70-73 CE
    106. Roman Medical Instruments from Masada, 70-73 CE Roman Medical Instruments from Masada, 70-73 CE
    107. Virgil's Aeneid from Masada, 70-73 CE Virgil's Aeneid from Masada, 70-73 CE
    108. Ben Sira Scroll from Masada, 73 CE Ben Sira Scroll from Masada, 73 CE
  3. Articles
    1. Masada—The Final Reports, Hershel Shanks, BAR 23:01, Jan/Feb 1997.
    2. Sectarianism in the Second Commonwealth, Lawrence Schiffman, From Text to Tradition, Ktav Publishing House, Hoboken, NJ, 1991.
    3. Shaye Cohen. “Roman Domination: The Jewish Revolt and the Destruction of the Second Temple.”
    4. Shaye Cohen. “Roman Domination: The Jewish Revolt and the Destruction of the Second Temple.” Part II
    5. Shaye Cohen. “Roman Domination: The Jewish Revolt and the Destruction of the Second Temple.” Part III
    6. Shaye Cohen. “Roman Domination: The Jewish Revolt and the Destruction of the Second Temple.” Part IV
    7. Shaye Cohen. “Roman Domination: The Jewish Revolt and the Destruction of the Second Temple.” Part V
    8. Louis H. Feldman. “Palestinian and Diaspora Judaism in the First Century.” Part I. Christianity and Rabbinic Judaism: a Parallel History of their Origins and Early Development. Ed. Hershal Shanks. Washington D.C.: Biblical Archaeology Society, 1993.
    9. Louis H. Feldman. “Palestinian and Diaspora Judaism in the First Century.” Part II. Christianity and Rabbinic Judaism: a Parallel History of their Origins and Early Development. Ed. Hershal Shanks. Washington D.C.: Biblical Archaeology Society, 1993.
    10. Danny Syon. “Gamla: Portrait of a Rebellion.” Biblical Archaeology Review 18, 1 (1992).
    11. Nahman Avigad. “Jerusalem in Flames—The Burnt House Captures a Moment in Time.” Biblical Archaeology Review 9, 6 (1983).
    12. Ehud Netzer. “The Last Days and Hours at Masada.” Biblical Archaeology Review 17, 6 (1991).
    13. Jodi Magness. “Masada: Arms and the Man.” Biblical Archaeology Review 18, 4 (1992).
    14. E.P. Sanders. “The Life of Jesus.” Christianity and Rabbinic Judaism: a Parallel History of their Origins and Early Development. Ed. Hershal Shanks. Washington D.C.: Biblical Archaeology Society, 1993.
    15. Howard C. Kee. “After the Crucifixion--Christianity through Paul.” Christianity and Rabbinic Judaism: a Parallel History of their Origins and Early Development. Ed. Hershal Shanks. Washington D.C.: Biblical Archaeology Society, 1993.
    16. Judaea from 4 BC to the Death of Herodes Agrippa, Robert Drews, Vanderbilt University.
    17. Judaea from the Death of Herodes Agrippa to the Destruction of the Temple, Robert Drews, Vanderbilt University.
    18. How the Wealthy Lived in Herodian Jerusalem, Nahman Avigad, BAR 2:04, Dec 1976.
    19. The Holy Land in Coins, Yaakov Meshorer, BAR Mar 1978.
    20. The Fall of Gamla: Introduction, BAR 5:01, Jan/Feb 1979.
    21. Gamla: the Masada of the North, Shmaryahu Guttman, BAR 5:01, Jan/Feb 1979.
    22. The Fall of Gamla, Flavius Josephus, BAR 5:01, Jan/Feb 1979.
    23. Ancient Burial Customs Preserved in Jericho Hills, Rachel Hachlili, BAR 5:04, Jul/Aug 1979.
    24. Was There a Seven-Branched Lampstand in Solomon’s Temple? Carol L. Meyers, BAR 5:05, Sep/Oct 1979.
    25. Rebellion against Roman Rule, Rina Abrams, COJS.
    26. Descriptions of the Jerusalem Temple in Josephus and the Temple Scroll, Lawrence H. Schiffman.
    27. The Rise of Christianity -- Timeline
    28. Roman Medicine, The Usborne Encyclopedia of the Roman World, p. 76-77.
  4. Maps
    1. The Roman Empire at its Greatest Extent
    2. Jerusalem during the Siege of Titus, 70 CE
  5. Videos
    1. Steven Fine: The First Revolt and its Aftermath
    2. From David to Jesus, NOVA.
  6. Websites
    1. De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and Their Families
    2. Livius: Roman Empire
    3. NumisWiki: The Collaborative Numismatics Project
    4. The On-line Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces: Palestine
    5. PACE: Project on Ancient Cultural Engagement
    6. UNRV: The Roman Empire
    7. The Works of Flavius Josephus Translated by William Whiston


Click here for more on Jews and Judaism in the Greco-Roman Period.

Click here for more on Judea Under Roman Rule (63 BCE-66 CE).

Click here for more on The Rise of Christianity (circa 4 BCE-330 CE).

Click here for more on The First Revolt (66-73 CE)

Click here for more on Italy and the Jews.

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